Nanotechnology

   One of the methods used to study the nano-objects, is a scanning probe microscopy. In scanning probe microscopy are not realized as optical and optical methods.

   Studies of surface properties using a scanning probe microscope (SPM) were performed in air at atmospheric pressure, vacuum, and even in the liquid. Various SPM techniques allow to study both conductive and non-conductive objects. In addition, SSM supports the combination with other methods of research, such as classical optical microscopy and spectroscopic methods.

   With the help of a scanning probe microscope (SPM) can not only see individual atoms, but also selectively affect them, in particular, to move atoms on the surface. Scientists have managed to create two-dimensional nanostructures on the surface, using this method. For example, the research center, IBM, consistently moving the atoms on the surface ksenona single crystal of nickel, staff were able to lay out three letters of the company logo, using 35 atoms of xenon.

   In carrying out such manipulations raises a number of technical difficulties. In particular, it requires the creation of ultrahigh vacuum (10-11 torr), it is necessary to cool the substrate and a microscope to low temperatures (4-10 K), the surface of the substrate must be atomically clean and atomically smooth, which use special methods for its preparation. Cooling of the substrate is to reduce the surface diffusion of deposited atoms.