Nanotechnology

   Nanotechnology - interdisciplinary basic and applied science and engineering that deals with the collection of theoretical studies, practical methods of investigation, analysis and synthesis, as well as methods of production and use of products with a given atomic structure by controlled manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.

   The Technical Committee ISO / TC 229 Nanotechnology means the following:

         Knowledge and process management, usually on a scale of 1 nm, but does not exclude the scale of less than 100 nm in one or more dimensions when put into operation the size effect (the phenomenon) leads to the possibility of new applications;

         Use the properties of objects and materials on the nanometer scale, which differ from those of free atoms or molecules, as well as bulk properties of matter consisting of these atoms or molecules to create improved materials, devices, systems that realize these properties.

   According to the "Concept of the Russian Federation works in the field of nanotechnology for the period up to 2010" (2004) [source not specified 322 days] Nanotechnology is defined as a set of methods and techniques, enabling a controlled manner to create and modify objects, including components with dimensions less than 100 nm, at least in one dimension, and has resulted in a fundamentally new properties to allow their integration into a fully functioning system of a large scale.

   The practical aspect of nanotechnology involves the production of devices and components needed for the creation, processing and manipulation of atoms, molecules and nanoparticles. It is understood that not necessarily object must have at least one linear dimension of less than 100 nanometers - they may be micro-objects, atomic structure is controllably created with a resolution at the level of individual atoms, or as containing the nanostructure. In a broader sense, the term also covers methods of diagnosis, characterization and studies of such objects.

   Nanotechnologies are qualitatively different from the traditional disciplines, as usual on such a scale, the macroscopic treatment technologies are often not applicable to the matter, and microscopic phenomena, disparagingly weak on any scale, become much more significant: the properties and interactions of individual atoms and molecules or aggregates of molecules (eg, the van der Waals), the quantum effects.

   Nanotechnology and molecular technology in particular - the new, little studied subject. Major discoveries, predicted in this area has not yet been made. Nevertheless, ongoing studies are already yielding practical results. The use of nanotechnology in advanced scientific achievements can attribute it to high technology.

   The development of modern electronics is on the way to reduce the size of devices. On the other hand, traditional production methods are suited to its natural economic and technological barriers, when the device size is reduced not by much, but the economic costs are increasing exponentially. Nanotechnology - the next logical step in the development of electronics and other high-tech industries.